US v. Wong Kim Ark

United States v. Wong Kim Ark, decided by the U.S. Supreme Court on March 28, 1898, confirmed that under the Citizenship Clause of Fourteenth Amendment, the United States government cannot deny full U.S. citizenship to any person born within the United States. The landmark decision established the doctrine of â€Å"birthright citizenship,† a key issue in the debate over illegal immigration in the United States.   Fast Facts: United States v. Wong Kim Ark Case Argued: March 5, 1897Decision Issued: March 28, 1898Petitioner: United States Government Respondent: Wong Kim ArkKey Question: Can the U.S. government deny U.S. citizenship to a person born in the United States to immigrant or otherwise non-citizen parents? Majority Decision: Associate Justice Gray, joined by Justices Brewer, Brown, Shiras, White, and Peckham.Dissenting: Chief Justice Fuller, joined by Justice Harlan (Justice Joseph McKenna did not participate)Ruling: The Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment grants U.S. citizenship to all children born to foreign parents while on American soil, with a limited set of exceptions. Facts of the Case Wong Kim Ark was born in 1873 in San Francisco, California, to Chinese immigrant parents who remained subjects of China while residing in the United States. Under the U.S. Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment ratified in 1868, he became a citizen of the United States at the time of his birth. In 1882, the U.S. Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which denied U.S. citizenship to existing Chinese immigrants and banned the further immigration of Chinese laborers into the United States. In 1890, Wong Kim Ark traveled abroad to visit his parents who had permanently moved back to China earlier the same year. When he returned to San Francisco, U.S. customs officials allowed his re-entry as a â€Å"native-born citizen.† In 1894, the now 21-year-old Wong Kim Ark went back to China to visit his parents. However, when he returned in 1895, U.S. customs officials denied him entry on the grounds that as a Chinese laborer, he was not a U.S. citizen.   Wong Kim Ark appealed his denial of entry to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, which ruled on January 3, 1896, that by virtue of having been born in the United States, he was legally a U.S. citizen. The court based its decision on the Fourteenth Amendment and its inherent legal principle of â€Å"jus soli†Ã¢â‚¬â€citizenship based on place of birth. The U.S. government appealed the district court ruling to the United States Supreme Court.   Constitutional Issues The first clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution—the so-called â€Å"Citizenship Clause†Ã¢â‚¬â€bestows full citizenship, along with all rights, privileges, and immunities of citizenship, on all persons born in the United States, regardless of the citizenship status of their parents. The clause states: â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.†Ã‚   In the case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark the Supreme Court was asked to determine whether or not the federal government, contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment, had the right to deny U.S. citizenship to a person born in the United States to immigrant or otherwise non-citizen parents. In the words of the Supreme Court, it considered the â€Å"single question† of â€Å"whether a child born in the United States, of parent[s] of Chinese descent, who, at the time of his birth, are subjects of the Emperor of China, but have a permanent domicile and residence in the United States, and are there carrying on business, and are not employed in any diplomatic or official capacity under the Emperor of China, becomes at the time of his birth a citizen of the United States.† The Arguments   The Supreme Court heard oral arguments on March 5, 1897. Lawyers for Wong Kim Ark repeated their argument that had been upheld in the district court—that under the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the principle of jus soli—Wong Kim Ark was an American citizen by virtue of having been born in the United States.   Presenting the federal government’s case, Solicitor General Holmes Conrad argued that since Wong Kim Ark’s parents were subjects of China at the time of his birth, he was also a subject of China and not, according to the Fourteenth Amendment, â€Å"subject to the jurisdiction† of the United States and thus, not a U.S. citizen. The government further argued that because Chinese citizenship law was based on the principle of â€Å"jus sanguinis†Ã¢â‚¬â€that children inherit the citizenship of their parents—it trumped U.S. citizenship law, including the Fourteenth Amendment.   Majority Opinion On March 28, 1898, the Supreme Court ruled 6-2 that Wong Kim Ark had been a U.S. citizen since birth and that â€Å"the American citizenship which Wong Kim Ark acquired by birth within the United States has not been lost or taken away by anything happening since his birth.†Ã‚   In writing the courts majority opinion, Associate Justice Horace Gray held that the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment must be interpreted according to the concept of jus soli as established in English common law, which allowed only three exceptions to birthright citizenship:   children of foreign diplomats,children born while on board foreign public ships at sea, or;children born to citizens of an enemy nation that is actively engaged in hostile occupation of the country’s territory.   Finding that none of the three exceptions to birthright citizenship applied to Wong Kim Ark, the majority concluded that â€Å"during all the time of their said residence in the United States, as domiciled residents therein, the said mother and father of said Wong Kim Ark were engaged in the prosecution of business, and were never engaged in any diplomatic or official capacity under the emperor of China.†Ã‚   Joining Associate Justice Gray in the majority opinion were Associate Justices David J. Brewer, Henry B. Brown, George Shiras Jr., Edward Douglass White, and Rufus W. Peckham.   Dissenting Opinion Chief Justice Melville Fuller, joined by Associate Justice John Harlan, dissented. Fuller and Harlan first argued that U.S. citizenship law had broken away from English common law after the American Revolution. Similarly, they argued that since independence, the citizenship principle of jus sanguinis had been more prevalent in U.S. legal history than the birthright principle of jus soli. When considered in the context of U.S. versus Chinese naturalization law, the dissent argued that â€Å"the children of Chinese born in this country do not, ipso facto, become citizens of the United States unless the Fourteenth Amendment overrides both treaty and statute.† Citing the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which defined U.S. citizens to be â€Å"all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed,† and had been enacted just two months before the Fourteenth Amendment was proposed, the dissenters argued that the words â€Å"subject to the jurisdiction thereof† in the Fourteenth Amendment carried the same meaning as the words â€Å"and not subject to any foreign power† in the Civil Rights Act. Finally, the dissenters pointed to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which prohibited Chinese immigrants already in the United States from becoming U.S. citizens.   The Impact Ever since it was handed down, the Supreme Court’s United States v. Wong Kim Ark ruling upholding birthright citizenship as a guaranteed right by the Fourteenth Amendment has been the focus of intense debate regarding the rights of foreign minorities born in the United States who claim U.S. citizenship by virtue of their place of birth. Despite many court challenges over the years, the Wong Kim Ark ruling remains the most-often cited and upheld precedent protecting the rights of persons born to undocumented immigrants who were—for whatever purposes—present in the United States at the time of their children’s births. Sources and Further References â€Å"United States v. Wong Kim Ark.† Cornell Law School: Legal Information InstituteEpps, Garrett (2010). â€Å"The Citizenship Clause: A ‘Legislative History’.† American University Law ReviewHo, James C. (2006). â€Å"Defining American: Birthright Citizenship and the Original Understanding of the 14th Amendment.† Green Bag Journal of Law.Katz, Jonathan M. â€Å"Birth of a Birthright.† Politico Magazine.  Woodworth, Marshall B. (1898). â€Å"Who Are Citizens of the United States? Wong Kim Ark Case.† American Law Review.

causes of social stratification in named caribbean society

Question: Describe the causes of social stratification in the Caribbean countries. In every known human society there is form of social inequality. This system was derived from events that took place some years ago. Social stratification can be class under the system of Plantation System and Social Mobility. According to Jenniffer Mohammed- Caribbean studies (2011). This rank or position in the social hierarchy is the lowest stratification occupied by the poorest groups who have a low status. The Caribbean stratification has been influence by its history of colonialism plantation slavery. Based on the plantation system the society was rapidly divided into the labour system and ownership, race and†¦show more content†¦The social mobility is influenced by many different things. Education is often cited as a big factor in social mobility, and people who come from lower-class backgrounds often see schooling as a means to learn skills that will open up opportunities in later life. In the 1900’s societies in the Caribbean began to change because educatio n and also marriages. Also the educated men enjoy professional status in society they would go and come back and married light skin women who have money. However, education wasn’t always the way to achieve social mobility in some case. For starters who came from poverty homes of lower class, the colleges and universities charge exorbitant enrolment fees was deter from of certain social classes. The quality of a school can also increase the price of living in a certain area, which can then indirectly exclude some pupils from managing to progress socially education. Therefore as far as downward social mobility goes, economic rising unemployment is major contributors to the growth of the lower social classes. 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L&D at Lloyds UK Lloyds Banking Group

Question: Write an essay on LD at Lloyds. Answer: 1. Introduction UK Lloyds Banking Group is a major financial institution in British (Schoenmaker, 2014). The organization is currently undergoing a major restructuring and in the interest of increasing cost to income ratio is laying off 9000 employees. The layoff is of the physical branches that are barely used due to revolution of online banking. The organization has committed to improve their IT services to ensure that the negative impact of a reduced workforce is effectively reduced. Also, to ensure that the negative impact stays minimum, Lloyds have decided to support the front line managers through LD programs. To succeed in the same, the learning needs of the line managers need to be addressed (Senge, 2014). The below report analyzes methods to identify LD needs, the context in which LD needs arise, how LD effects organizational performance and compares various techniques and methods of learning. Furthermore, an understanding of how these needs can be met and validating the effectiveness of the same in reported below For the case of Lloyds the report identifies coaching and induction as the best way to meet the learning needs of line managers. The other learning methods such as mentoring and shadowing have been considered but rejected as the same are not effective with a reduced workforce. The needs would be majorly met through focus groups, observation and discussion, online training and on job experience, keeping in mind the limited availability of branch staff and management (Liben, 2013). Also, the above LD plan is initially deployed only in selected branches of Lloyds to test the increase in performance data and accordingly reconfigure the LD plan if required 2. LD needs 2.1 Methods to identify LD needs Organizations are increasingly recognizing the need for human resource development. Learning and Development is one of the key methods to ensure efficient workforce. The LD program designed should be aligned to the business needs and priorities to achieve value. Also, the program should be cost-efficient delivering performance improvement and effective career development. Hence, it is no wonder that organizational requirements and priorities have to be initially identified to understand LD requirements (Moon, 2013). Organizational Requirements at Lloyds: Develop skills of the existing workforce to ensure minimum negative impact of the layoff Develop an efficient LD practice to ensure that the organizational restricting does not affect the financial output of the organization To be the best bank for customers Ensure customer satisfaction by providing quick and efficient services To ensure minimum errors and complaints that may lead to damage of reputation (Kolb, 2014) Note that all the above mentioned requirements are fulfilled by Line mangers and hence enhancing their skills is crucial. Need analysis can be made through Document research: Reviewing the various documents on business plans, goal statements, critical issue reports, staffing reports and so on. Interviews: Talking to both senior and junior employees to understand what they need to achieve the companys goals Observations: Watching how tasks are being done and how they can be changed to meet the business requirements Surveys: Collecting requirements through questionnaire Group discussion: Conducting discussion groups. (Edwards, 2013) In case of Lloyds all the above method analysis techniques have to be optimally implemented to understand the programs that need to be developed to support line managers to work in a limited workforce environment. 2.2 What leads to LD needs LD needs are required in cases where an improvement in the skills of the employees of the organization is needed. LD is present in Lloyds at all levels as learning is a continuous process that leads to efficient employees and management, also ensure professional development. The below are some of the contexts where the requirement of LD is high Organizational Restructuring: A change in the organizational design and business process is one of the key factors that raise the need of LD. To redefine how an organization works, the employees of the organization should be trained first to be change ready and later be ready to learn and understand the processes in place (Robbins, 2013). Layoffs: When a reduction in workforce is seen, it is obvious that the remaining employees would have to compensate for the loss. To make sure that the impact of layoff is kept to minimum, the existing workforce has to be trained and their skills need to be sharpened (Guthrie, 2014). Performance Improvement: To ensure increase in productive levels of employees Professional development: To ensure all round development of employees Cost-effective labor: To help employees perform multiple tasks at one go. An efficient and skilled employee would be able to work quickly and be effective at assisting a customer. The knowledge acquired through various learning activities would help the employee, deal with the customer in an improved manner, ensuring that the customer is satisfied. All this inevitably leads to improvement in the organizational performance, as organization itself is made up of employees and the development of an employee directly effects the organizational performance. 2.3 Learning Methods and techniques In the context of Lloyds, four main learning methods are identified. Coaching: It is a one-on-one discussions of employees to understand the learning needs and focuses on improving performance and development skills of individuals. The coach observes, listens to what the line manager is doing and guides him to align his work to the business requirements (Crane, 2014). Coaching is usually done by an experienced managers who themselves are trained in delivery the business requirements Mentoring: It is extremely similar to coaching and hence the words are used interchangeably. However, mentoring usually involves highly skilled managers who have focused experience on a particular job and are expert in one key area (Johnson, 2015). These managers guide the line manager to improve the skills of line managers. Shadowing: It is more of an on job training where the trainee follow the trainers to observer how the trainer work on various tasks and handle customers Material Learning: This method provides documents written on various business process and the trainee has to read through all of them and give a written test to improve skills Of the above mentioned methods Coaching and Mentoring are considered by Lloyd as these can be done even if focused group setup. Due to the reduce in workforce shadowing is not ideal and material learning is time consuming 3. How are LD needs met 3.1 LD Interventions To meet the LD needs, Lloyds can use two main methods of learning intervention. Induction: Induction is the process of helping the employees get accustomed to the new environment of work. The induction program comprises of orientation, where the expectation from the employee and the business requirements are clearly explained. All the key policies, functions, an introduction to senior employees and so on are done to help the employees understand their role in the organization (Kutsyuruba, 2015). At Lloyds orientation would be done to all the new front line managers to set expectations and goals, and provide them a socializing platform with their mentors. The available training programs, LD policies, departmental organization, performance management system etc., would be detailed to the employees E-learning: One other effective learning intervention is e-learning. An e-learning portal can be established to provide formal training, through recorded sessions by various managers, online documentation, webinars, virtual learning environments and so on. The major advantage with e-learning activities is that the training sessions can happen from anywhere around the world and it is not necessary to gather groups in one place (Marquardt, 2014). E-learning followed by coaching and mentoring will provide a complete LD program for the line managers of Lloyds. 3.2 Understanding the learning methods efficiency The LD program has induction as its first action, where the line managers are explained their roles and responsibilities, the business requirements and are informed regarding the various LD programs both mandatory and optional they would have to undergo, to achieve organizational goals. The second step is to conduct e-learning sessions, where all the basic material that helps the employees understand how things work and how they need to work to ensure customer satisfaction. Several classes on soft skills are also delivered as a part of the activity (Robles, 2012). Then the line managers has focused group discussions with the senior management to understand if all the formal learning needs have been fulfilled. The line managers are then divided into smaller groups and are coached by senior managers as a part of on job training. In case a line manager requires additional intervention mentoring is done. 4. Conclusion The LD practices of coaching and mentoring when combined with induction programs and e-learning activities can prove to be highly beneficial especially in contexts where a reduction in workforce is seen. However, this strategy is designed based on the business requirements at Lloyds. The same may not be true for all organizations and hence, a critical need analysis should be done to develop LD programs for individual organizations. 5. References Crane, T.G. and Patrick, L.N., 2014. The heart of coaching: Using transformational coaching to create a high-performance coaching culture. Edwards, G., Elliott, C., Iszatt-White, M. and Schedlitzki, D., 2013. Critical and alternative approaches to leadership learning and development. Management Learning, 44(1), pp.3-10. Guthrie, J.P., Li, P. and Meschke, F., 2014, January. Layoffs, Affective Human Capital, and Firm Performance. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 15663). Academy of Management. Johnson, W.B. and Ridley, C.R., 2015. The elements of mentoring. Macmillan. Kolb, D.A., 2014. Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Kutsyuruba, B. and Walker, K., 2015. The Role of Trust in Developing Teacher Leaders Through Early-Career Induction and Mentoring Programs. Antistasis, 5(1). Liben, L.S. ed., 2013. Development and learning: conflict or congruence?. Psychology Press. Moon, J.A., 2013. Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge. Marquardt, M.J., 2014. Building the learning organization: Mastering the 5 elements for corporate learning. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Robbins, S., Judge, T.A., Millett, B. and Boyle, M., 2013. Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Robles, M.M., 2012. Executive perceptions of the top 10 soft skills needed in todays workplace. Business Communication Quarterly, 75(4), pp.453-465. Schoenmaker, D. and Peek, T., 2014. The state of the banking sector in Europe. Senge, P.M., 2014. The fifth discipline fieldbook: Strategies and tools for building a learning organization. Crown Business.

The Galaxy Essays - DraftGerald Roch, Chitto Harjo,

The Galaxy June 15, 2007 It was the strangest thing. It all began on the evening of June 15th 2005. My grandmother passed away. This was weird because no body even knew she was dying. Well maybe it was just her time to go. It was a very rough couple of days. My sisters, my mother and I set up the calling hours for her wake, and the time and place for her funeral. It was vary hard to concentrate on these tasks when one of our loved ones had passed away. About two weeks had passed and things were begging to return to normal. It had been a tremendous loss for our family, but we all knew that we had to get on with our lives. I recall a message that was left on my mothers answering machine reporting that my grandmother had written a will. It was discovered when all of her things were being cleaned out of her home. Not a single soul within my grandmothers family knew about this will, so it was a big surprise. The message on the machine clearly stated that the will was going to be opened and read to the family, on July 5, 2005 at 1:00 p.m. at the county court house. Everyone was anxious to find out just what he had left. No body was expecting much because they knew my grandmother didnt have very much. She had raised seven children on her own. The day had finally come. It was just about 1:00 p.m. and the will was being opened. It read as follows: Well all, I guess it was my time to go. I am in a better place now, where there is no suffering or pain. I need you all to promise me that you will be happy for me. I know it is hard to do, but it is for the best. Now I need you all to take a deep breath for there is something that you all must know. I have been saving some things up over the last 50 years, mainly because I knew this day was coming, I just wasnt sure when. You all know that I was one for money. We never had much, so when I made a little extra, I was investing it in large corporations, trying to make a few bucks. After quite a few years, I have managed to acquire $120 million to split between you all. Now, you all arent getting the same, but remember to be happy with what you get, because it could has been nothing. To Patty, Marylyn, Steve, Mickey, and Debbie, I leave $2 million each. I know this doesnt seem like a lot, but when I was put in the nursing home, not one of you bothered to visit me. I am ashamed of you all. You were raised better. To Sally, I leave my home in Sandfordville, (including the 300 acres) and my camp in South Colton. I love you Sally. You took good care of me, and I will never forget that. I am also giving you $10 million to use for what you please! Lastly, to Diane and girls. Well what to I say to all of you? You put your lives on hold for me. When I became dependent on others, you were there to feed me and bathe me. You loved me unconditionally, so with this reason I leave you each $20 million. Diane, go do something nice for yourself, and girl, MAKE GRAMMY PROUD! Remember that I do love you all the same, but this is the way it must be. Two years had passed, and I had just graduated from college, majoring in business management. By this time, I had only used up about $1 million paying off college loans, a car payment, and an occasional outfit or 2, or 200! But I was bored. I had a little of $19 million and education, and no place to use it. That soon was about to change. It was one night in my dreams that it all came to me. I had always wanted to run an over-under bar in Potsdam, NY, but I was either too young, or too poor.

A Short List of Synonyms for Shorten

A Short List of Synonyms for Shorten A Short List of Synonyms for Shorten A Short List of Synonyms for Shorten By Mark Nichol Shorten is a serviceable word for describing how to reduce the extent or length of something, but some synonyms are available to use in its place. Abbreviate stems ultimately from the Latin verb abbreviare, the root of which is from brevis, meaning â€Å"short†- the same word from which brevity (â€Å"briefness†) and brief are derived. Abridge, which has nothing to do with bridges (it has the same origin as abbreviate), is often used in the sense of diminishing effect or strength or shortening a written compensation by excising parts. To curtail is to limit or reduce as if by cutting (its obsolete predecessor, curtal, referred to cutting an animal’s tail short); its derivation is curtus, Latin for â€Å"short†- which came to be used in English as curt, an adjective usually applied to a brusque statement. Truncate is ultimately from the Latin word truncus, the source of trunk (as well as truncheon- the original term for a billy club- and the rare word obtruncate, which means â€Å"cut the top from†). The original sense is an adjective meaning â€Å"with square or even leaves†- leaves that appear to have been artificially shortened and straightened. Elide means â€Å"omit†; it usually pertains to removing a letter, word, or phrase from a document but also has a general sense of â€Å"shorten†; the noun form is elision. Syncopate means â€Å"cut short,† but it also applies to the linguistic process of syncope, in which part of a word is elided, as in g’day for â€Å"good day.† It’s also the verb form of syncopation, which refers to music rhythm based on giving stress to weak rather than strong beats. There is also a group of short words- often, in their pronunciation, suggestive of abrupt action- that refer to cutting something short, including bob, chop, clip, crop, cut, dock, lop, and snip. Other terms referring to cutting, often in reference to vegetation, include mow, pare, prune, and trim; shave and shear are similar. Prà ©cis, a noun referring to shortening or condensing (from French, and the ancestor of precise), is also a verb; other terms are compress and contract, as well as condense and its close synonym digest (from the sense of the word, also associated with assimilating food into the body, of arranging and dividing). To abstract, profile, and summarize are similar actions, though they involve outlining content rather than reducing its length. Likewise, to epitomize is to serve as an example rather than to actually reduce. Shrinking, meanwhile, involves literally reducing in size rather than abbreviating. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite AdjectivesExcited ABOUT, not "for" Educational vs. Educative

Battle of Caen in World War II

Battle of Caen in World War II The Battle of Caen was fought from June 6, to July 20, 1944, during World War II (1939-1945). Situated on the Orne River approximately nine miles from the Normandy coast, the city of Caen was a key road and rail hub in the region. The city was identified by the Allies as an early goal for troops coming ashore during the D-Day invasion. Rather than quickly falling, the struggle for Caen became a bloody, grinding affair that lasted for seven weeks due to intense German resistance. While a costly struggle, the fighting around Caen pinned down German troops which facilitated Operation Cobra in late July. This saw the Allies breakout of the beachhead and move to encircle German forces in Normandy. Background Located in Normandy, Caen was identified early on by General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Allied planners as a main objective for the D-Day invasion. This was largely due to the citys key position along the Orne River and Caen Canal as well as its role as a major road hub within the region. As a result, the capture of Caen would greatly inhibit the ability of German forces to respond quickly to Allied operations once ashore. Planners also felt that the relatively open terrain around the city would provide an easier line of advance inland as opposed to the more difficult bocage (hedgerow) country to the west. Given the favorable terrain, the Allies also intended to establish several airfields around the city. The capture of Caen was assigned to Major General Tom Rennies British 3rd Infantry Division which would be assisted by Major General Richard N. Gales British 6th Airborne Division and 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion. In the final plans for Operation Overlord, Allied leaders intended for Kellers men to take Caen shortly after coming ashore on D-Day. This would require an advance of approximately 7.5 miles from beach. D-Day Landing during the night of June 6, the airborne forces captured key bridges and artillery positions to the east of Caen along the Orne River and at Merville. These efforts effectively blocked the enemys ability to mount a counterattack against the beaches from the east. Storming ashore on Sword Beach around 7:30 AM, the 3rd Infantry Division initially encountered stiff resistance. Following the arrival of supporting armor, Rennies men were able to secure the exits from the beach and commenced pushing inland around 9:30 AM. Their advance was soon stopped by a determined defense mounted by 21st Panzer Division. Blocking the road to Caen, the Germans were able to halt Allied forces and the city remained in their hands as night fell. As a result, the Allied ground commander, General Bernard Montgomery, elected to meet with the commanders of the US First Army and British Second Army, Lieutenant Generals Omar Bradley and Miles Dempsey, to develop a new plan for taking the city. Lieutenant General Sir Miles C. Dempsey (right) with the 21st Army Group commander, General Sir Bernard Montgomery (center), and U.S. First Army commander, Lieutenant General Omar Bradley (left), 10 June 1944. Public Domain Fast Facts: Battle of Caen Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Dates: June 6, to July 20, 1944Armies Commanders:AlliesGeneral Bernard MontgomeryLieutenant General Miles Dempsey14 divisions, 8 armored/tank brigadesAxisField Marshal Erwin RommelField Marshal Gà ¼nther von Kluge15 divisions, 3 heavy tank battalions Operation Perch Originally conceived as a plan for breaking out of the beachhead to the southeast of Caen, Operation Perch was quickly altered by Montgomery into a pincer attack for taking the city. This called for I Corps 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and the 4th Armoured Brigade to cross the Orne River in the east and attack towards Cagny. In the west, XXX Corps would cross the Odon River, then swing east towards Evrecy. This offensive moved forward on June 9 as elements of XXX Corps began battling for Tilly-sur-Seulles which was held by the Panzer Lehr Division and elements of the 12th SS Panzer Division. Due to delays, I Corps did not begin their advance until June 12. Meeting heavy resistance from the 21st Panzer Division, these efforts were halted the next day. As I Corps rolled forward, the situation in the west changed when German forces, having been under heavy attack from the US 1st Infantry Division on XXX Corps right began falling back. Seeing an opportunity, Dempsey directed the 7th Armoured Division to exploit the gap and advance to Villers-Bocage before turning east to assault the left flank of the Panzer Lehr Division. Reaching the village on July 13, British forces were checked in heavy fighting. Feeling that the division was becoming overextended, Dempsey pulled it back with the goal of reinforcing it and renewing the offensive. This failed to occur when a severe storm hit the area and damaged supply operations on the beaches (Map). Operation Epsom In an effort to regain the initiative, Dempsey commenced Operation Epsom on June 26. Using Lieutenant General Sir Richard OConnors newly-arrived VIII Corps, the plan called for a thrust over the Odon River to capture high ground south of Caen near Bretteville-sur-Laize. A secondary operation, dubbed Martlet, was launched on June 25 to secure heights along VIII Corps right flank. Assisted by supporting operations at other points along the line, the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, aided by armor from the 31st Tank Brigade, spearheaded the Epsom attack the next day. An ammunition lorry of 11th Armoured Division explodes after being hit by mortar fire during Operation Epsom, June 1944. Public Domain Making good progress, it crossed the river, pushed through the German lines and began expanding its position. Joined by the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, the 15th became engaged in heavy fighting and repulsed several major German counterattacks. The severity of the German efforts led to Dempsey pulling his some of his troops back across the Odon by June 30. Though a tactical failure for the Allies, Epsom altered the balance of forces in the region in their favor. While Dempsey and Montgomery were able to maintain a force of reserves, their opponent, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, was compelled to utilize his entire force to hold the front lines. Following Epsom, the Canadian 3rd Infantry Division mounted Operation Windsor on July 4. This called for an attack on Carpiquet and its adjacent airfield which were located west of Caen. The Canadian effort was further supported by a variety of specialist armor, 21 artillery regiments, naval gunfire support from HMS Rodney, as well as two squadrons of Hawker Typhoons. Moving forward, the Canadians, aided by the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade, succeeded in capturing the village but were unable to secure the airfield. The next day, they turned back German efforts to reclaim Carpiquet. Operation Charnwood Increasingly frustrated with the situation around Caen, Montgomery directed that a major offensive be mounted to frontally assault the city. Though Caens strategic significance had lessened, he particularly desired to secure Verrià ¨res and Bourguà ©bus ridges to the south. Dubbed Operation Charnwood, the key objectives of the assault were to clear the city south to the Orne and secure bridges over the river. To accomplish the latter, an armored column was assembled with orders to rush through Caen to capture the crossings. The attack moved forward on July 8 and was heavily supported by bombers and naval gunfire. Led by I Corps, three infantry divisions (3rd, 59th, and 3rd Canadian), supported by armor, pushed forward. To the west, the Canadians renewed their efforts against Carpiquet airfield. Grinding ahead, British forces reached the outskirts of Caen that evening. Concerned about the situation, the Germans began withdrawing their heavy equipment across the Orne and prepared to defend the river crossings in the city. The next morning, British and Canadian patrols began penetrating the city proper while other forces finally occupied Carpiquet airfield after the 12th SS Panzer Division withdrew. As the day progressed British and Canadian troops united and drove the Germans from the northern part of Caen. Occupying the riverbank, Allied troops halted as they lacked the strength to contest the river crossings. In addition, it was deemed inadvisable to continue as the Germans held the ground flanking the southern part of the city. As Charnwood concluded, OConnor launched Operation Jupiter on July 10. Striking south, he sought to capture the key heights of Hill 112. Though this objective was not gained after two days of fighting, his men secured several villages in the area and prevented the 9th SS Panzer Division from being withdrawn as a reserve force. Operation Goodwood As Operation Jupiter was moving forward, Montgomery again met with Bradley and Dempsey to assess the overall situation. At this gathering, Bradley proposed the plan for Operation Cobra which called for a major breakout from the American sector on July 18. Montgomery approved this plan and Dempsey was tasked with mounting an operation to pin German forces in place around Caen and possibly achieve a breakout in the east. A A Canadian soldier moves through Caen, 1944. Public Domain Dubbed Operation Goodwood, this called for a major offensive by British forces east of the city. Goodwood was to be supported by the Canadian-led Operation Atlantic which was designed to capture the southern part of Caen. With planning completed, Montgomery hoped to begin Goodwood on July 18 and Cobra two days later. Spearheaded by OConnors VIII Corps, Goodwood commenced following heavy Allied air attacks. Slowed somewhat by natural obstacles and German minefields, OConnor was tasked with capturing Bourguà ©bus Ridge as well as the area between Bretteville-sur-Laize and Vimont. Driving forward, British forces, heavily supported by armor, were able to advance seven miles but failed to take the ridge. The fighting saw frequent clashes between British Churchill and Sherman tanks and their German Panther and Tiger counterparts. Advancing to the east, Canadian forces succeeded in liberating the remainder of Caen, however subsequent assaults against Verrià ¨res Ridge were repulsed. Aftermath Though originally a D-Day objective, it took Allied forces around seven weeks to finally liberate the city. Due to the ferocity of the fighting, much of Caen was destroyed and had to be rebuilt after the war. Though Operation Goodwood failed to achieve a breakout, it did hold German forces in place for Operation Cobra. Delayed until July 25, Cobra saw American forces knock a gap in the German lines and reach open country to the south. Pivoting east, they moved to encircle German forces in Normandy as Dempsey mounted a new advance with the goal of trapping the enemy around Falaise. Beginning on August 14, Allied forces sought to close the Falaise Pocket and destroy the German Army in France. Though nearly 100,000 Germans escaped the pocket before it was closed on August 22, around 50,000 were captured and 10,000 killed. Having won the Battle of Normandy, Allied forces advanced freely to the Seine River reaching it on August 25.

Global conflicts and contexts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global conflicts and contexts - Essay Example This paper discusses the foreign relationships that UK can possibly have with Somalia to lessen this problem of high sea piracy. A very disturbing picture is painted by Lennox (2008: 1) about the Somalia piracy where he says, â€Å"There were 115 reported pirate attacks  off the coast of Somalia in 2008. Of those attacks, 46 resulted in the seizure of a commercial vessel by Somali pirates. The average ransom for the release of hijacked vessels increased from $1 million US dollars in July of 2008, to $1.5 million by December. At the time of writing 12 vessels are being held along with approximately 400 crewmembers in pirate towns along Somalia’s unlawful coasts†. Therefore, we can see that this problem has taken a magnitude of epic proportions and is threatening to completely block off the trade route via the Gulf of Aden. This the place which sees almost 20000 ships passing each year, has also the maximum number of attacks recorded, forcing the vessels to take a longer but safer alternative route. As Biegon (2009) tells us, â€Å"The increased threat of maritime piracy has heightened the ship ping industrys financial concerns in the context of the global economic recession. Over 6.8 billion tons of goods are moved by sea annually in a global trade cycle worth $7.4 trillion, with up to 90% of international trade traveling by ship at some point. The wave of pirate attacks off the eastern coast of Africa has already had a major impact on global shipping patterns. Following the hijacking of the Sirius Star, for example, AP Moller-Maersk, Europes largest shipping company,  diverted  its fleet of 50 oil tankers away from the Suez Canal towards the longer and more expensive route around the Cape of Good Hope.† This article looks at the piracy that is spelling doom for the trading vessels and Somalia alike, and tries to define the term maritime piracy and reexamine from a

Competency through an academic preparation Essay - 3

Competency through an academic preparation - Essay Example I believe that my genuine interest for the profession and the proven program of Gannon University would enable me to successfully complete the program. I have completed a degree in Business Administration from Arab Open University. I also have an experience working in the industrial sector and this made me appreciate the necessity of pursuing a degree in Engineering Management to better the prospect of my career and become one of the organization leaders of Operation department in the industrial sector. I am always ready to take risk and work hard. I keep a dynamic mind and always want to update my knowledge on my area of interest. I believe these qualities would contribute much to pursue my degree without much difficulty. There are many reasons why I believe I can do well in my studies. I am systematic in addition to being a hard worker. I do not procrastinate tasks for the next day and I am not daunted by challenging tasks. In fact, the more challenging the task, the more enthusiastic I become to resolve it. My previous professional experience can prove it. This attitude of mine in dealing tasks and studies made Jubail United Petrochemicals Company (SABICs Affiliate: one of the largest Petrochemicals company in the world) to offer me a comprehensive experience when I was acting as team leader in the Department of Operation. I was involved in the project construction, commission, start up, shut down, trouble shouting, turn around and catalyst replacement of a huge Ethylene Oxide / Ethylene Glycol plant. This experience trained me to lead, analyze various situations and also to cope with emergency scenarios. I also gained knowledge in technical, safety and basic engineering knowledge which I believe are helpful in my studies. Â  

Obeserving bacteris and blood Essay Example for Free

Obeserving bacteris and blood Essay Objectives: There were two major goals of the â€Å"Observing Bacteria and Blood† experiment. The first was to establish a familiarity with the proper techniques for using a microscope. The experiment focused on both the basic components of a microscope (i.e. how to adjust the knobs and levers for the desired result) as well as how do decide the proper objective to use for observing a specimen. The second goal major goal of this experiment was to practice observing live specimens (yogurt and blood). Procedures: Exercise 1: Observation of prepared slides using the microscope. The observation of the 8 prepared slides was performed by making adjustments to the microscope (focus, condenser, light) in order to establish a clear image of the specimen. The slide was viewed through the 10x, 40x, and 100x objectives and all observations were recorded in the tables below. Exercise 23: Observationof yogurt and blood. The yogurt and blood slides were prepared as described in the Labpaq manual. The slides were observed using the 10x, 40x, and 100x objectives and all observations were recorded in the tables below. Observations/Results: Exercise 1 SampleObservations Part 1Part 2 150x600x1500x (Oil Immersion) Amoeba proteus Anabaena Ascaris Eggs â€Å"e† slide Paramecium Penicillium w/conidia Yeast Yogurt bacteria Exercise 2 3 SampleObservations 150X600x1500x Ex 2: Fresh Yogurt Ex 3: Blood Smear Photos/Drawings: (Insert and label images here. If image file (JPEG or GIF) sizes are too large they may be uploaded separately.) Analysis/Interpretation: Based on the observations detailed above, it can be concluded that the microscope is a powerful tool in the observation of organisms that are small in size. It was important to have a number of objectives of different magnifying power in order to be able to discern the level of magnification needed to best study a sample. In addition, the examination of the yogurt sample allowed for the observation of the varying shapes and arrangement of bacterial cells. The use of a microscope to observe the blood smear highlighted the many important components of human blood that are not evident by the naked eye. Application: In performing this experiment I have learned many important aspects of microbiology that apply to healthcare. First, there is plenty of information that can be discovered by looking at a sample under the microscope †¦ size, arrangement, number of organism. For example, this information can be utilized in making an initial identification on a patient sample in a hospital laboratory. Second, some microorganisms can be  beneficial such as those bacteria that can be cultured from yogurt. Furthermore, these microorganisms can also be used to build back a healthy population of intestinal bacteria in patients who have recently been taking antibiotics. Answers to the LabPaq Questions 1) Questions A. Identifythe following parts of the microscope and describe the functionof each. a. Ocular- eyepiece transmits and magnifies the image form the objective lens to the eye. b.Body/tube-holds the eyepiece at proper distance from the objective lens and blocks light. c.Nosepiece- rotating mount that hold objective lens. d.Objective Lens- gathers light for the specimen. e.Mechanical Stage- holds the specimen. f.Apeture diaphragm control/disc- alters the amount of light that reaches the condenser. g.Lamp- produces the light. h.Coarse focus knob-brings objects into focal point of the objective lens. i.Fine focus knob- makes fine adjustments to focus the image. j.Arm-holds all of the optical parts at a distance and aligns them. k.Clips-hold the specimen still on the stage. l.Base- supports the weight of all the microscope parts. Define the following microscopy terms: Focus: positions the objective lens at the proper distance from the specimen. Resolution: Ability for the lens to show fine details of the object being observed. Contrast: The darkness of the back ground relative to the specimen. B. What is the purpose of immersion oil? To direct the light from the microscope directly to the slide and stop it from refracting. It creats a finer resolution and brightness. Exercise 2: Observing Bacteria Cultures in Yogurt Questions A. Describe your observations of the fresh yogurt slide. B. Were there observable differences between your fresh yogurt slide and the prepared yogurt slide? If so, explain. C. Describe the four main bacterial shapes. Cocci – oval or spherical shaped. Bacillus – are rod shaped. Spirillum – are thick, rigid spirals. Vibrio – are curved or a comma shaped rod. D. What are the common arrangements of bacteria? Diplo – oval shaped, found in pairs. Strepto – are cocci that arange into chains. Staphylo – are cocci that are arranged into irregular clusters, similar to grapes. E. Were you able to identify specific bacterial morphologies on either yogurt slide? If so, which types? Exercise 3: Preparing andObservingaBloodSlide Questions A. Describe the cells you were able to see in the blood smear. B. Are the cells you observed in your blood smear different than the bacterial cells you have observed? Why or why not?

Problems With My Neighbors :: essays research papers

How are your neighbors with you? You are lucky if they treat you as a member of their family, but what about if it is the contrary? What about if they treat you as a thing not as a human? If this is your situation, I know how you are feeling. I know it because I am living this kind of life. In other words, I do not get along with my neighbors. From the day I moved into my house, I have had to deal with their unfriendly, dirty, and noisy way of living. First of all, my neighbors are very unfriendly people, and that is why they are hated. For example, during the day when I see them, they do not say hello to me. Sometimes, I try to have a conversation with them, but they always ignore me or give me a cold look. Since the day they ignore me, I began to hate them for being the way they are. In addition, my neighbors are not only mean with me, but with my children, too. Sometimes, when they are playing in front of their house, my neighbors come out and tell them to leave using a filthy language that scare my children. Second, the awful thing is not only that my neighbors are unfriendly, but they are dirty, too. For example, during the week, they often throw their trash in front of my house. Although, whenever I see it, I always clean it, but later they throw more. They are irresponsible people who do not care about others around them. Moreover, their yard looks like a jungle with empty cans and bottles and other trash among the big grass that is growing. Why do not they care about it? How lazy they are! Perhaps, they do not know the meaning of the word ?gclean.?h Finally, the other thing that makes my neighbors mean, besides being unfriendly and dirty, is that they are very noisy. They have three children and the smallest, the baby, is the one that makes all the noise during the day. He is always crying because he is hungry or because he wants something. Why do not his parents try to lull him? Besides the baby, they also have one big dog that barks all the time. For example, the other day I was going to study, but then it began to bark, and thanks to its harmful noise, I could not concentrate on what I was doing. Problems With My Neighbors :: essays research papers How are your neighbors with you? You are lucky if they treat you as a member of their family, but what about if it is the contrary? What about if they treat you as a thing not as a human? If this is your situation, I know how you are feeling. I know it because I am living this kind of life. In other words, I do not get along with my neighbors. From the day I moved into my house, I have had to deal with their unfriendly, dirty, and noisy way of living. First of all, my neighbors are very unfriendly people, and that is why they are hated. For example, during the day when I see them, they do not say hello to me. Sometimes, I try to have a conversation with them, but they always ignore me or give me a cold look. Since the day they ignore me, I began to hate them for being the way they are. In addition, my neighbors are not only mean with me, but with my children, too. Sometimes, when they are playing in front of their house, my neighbors come out and tell them to leave using a filthy language that scare my children. Second, the awful thing is not only that my neighbors are unfriendly, but they are dirty, too. For example, during the week, they often throw their trash in front of my house. Although, whenever I see it, I always clean it, but later they throw more. They are irresponsible people who do not care about others around them. Moreover, their yard looks like a jungle with empty cans and bottles and other trash among the big grass that is growing. Why do not they care about it? How lazy they are! Perhaps, they do not know the meaning of the word ?gclean.?h Finally, the other thing that makes my neighbors mean, besides being unfriendly and dirty, is that they are very noisy. They have three children and the smallest, the baby, is the one that makes all the noise during the day. He is always crying because he is hungry or because he wants something. Why do not his parents try to lull him? Besides the baby, they also have one big dog that barks all the time. For example, the other day I was going to study, but then it began to bark, and thanks to its harmful noise, I could not concentrate on what I was doing.

Annotated Biblography Essay

Kristen E. Van Vonderen, M. S. , William Kinnally, Ph. D. (2012), â€Å"Media Effects on Body Image: Examining Media Exposure in the Broader Context of Internal and Other Social Factors†. Volume 14, Issue 2. 41-57. American Communication Journal. Summary: Vonderson and Kinnally’s article discusses the influence media has on women today and the way they see themselves. Being â€Å"overweight† has such negative stigmatism to it that women who are considered to be overweigh feel as though they are unlovable or unsuccessful because they don’t look like the women in magazines. They touch on the subject of the influence from parents and peers. Parents who comment on their child’s physical appearance convey body image norms that could lead to negative association with body shape. In the article they also talk about internal influences such as self-esteem and how, in part, it is a reflection of the opinion others hold of you. Analysis: Vonderson and Kinnally’s approach to informing us about how women are portrayed in magazines is both informative and surprising. I, myself being a young women was more than aware of the issue with body image and the media. I personally have thought less of myself after looking through a magazine or watching a movie because of how thin and beautiful those women are. But I was not aware of the many causes that influence women into thinking so negatively. Reflection: This particular article was very informative and helpful towards my research paper topic because it was exactly what I am writing about. Going into this project, I thought I knew quite a bit of information on this topic, but now reading these articles I realize that there is much more to the influence media has on women than I had imagined. Gemma Lopez- Guimera, Micheal P. Levine, David Sanchez-Carracedo, Jordi Fauquet. (2010),† Influence of Mass Media on Body Image and Eating Disordered Attitudes and Behavior in Females: A Review of Effects and Processes†. Media Psychology, 13:387– 416. Print Summary: This article reviews research on the effects of television and magazines on body image and on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in females. Evidence from different types of studies in the fields of eating disorders, media psychology, health psychology, and mass communication indicates that mass media are an extremely important source of information and reinforcement in relation to the nature of the thin beauty ideal, its importance, and how to attain it. Although considerable research remains to be done, evidence is accumulating that repeated exposure to media and to both direct and indirect (via media’s effects on peers, parents, coaches, physicians, etc. ) pressures from media to be thin constitute risk factors for body dissatisfaction, concerns over weight and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls and young women. Analysis: I found this article to be both credible and reliable mainly on the fact that it’s research was conducted professionally. The multiple authors of this article are credible because they are head departments of psychology, clinical and health psychology, psychobiology, and methodology of health sciences all from admirable universities all over the world. Reflection: This article help shapes the arguments in my research paper. My research paper is on the topic of mass media and its influence on society and with an article that focuses just on the female aspect of it, it will really help my arguments. So, J. and Nabi, R. (2013), Reduction of Perceived Social Distance as an Explanation for Media’s Influence on Personal Risk Perceptions: A Test of the Risk Convergence Model. Human Communication Research, 39: 317–338. Print Summary: The aim of this study was to develop the Perceived Parental Media Mediation Scale (PPMMS). in an initial test of this model, 500 undergraduate students at the University of California, Santa Barbara, participated in an experiment. Participants were exposed to entertainment clips that either portrayed a main character who is diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease or thinks he/she might have caught an STD and gets scared of testing for it. Overall, the risk convergence model received solid support from the data, with all paths emerging as significant except for the link between perceived realism and social distance. Reduction of social distance completely mediated the relationship between identification, transportation and personal risk perceptions, thus suggesting social distance as a valid causal mechanism of the process involving the two variables. Analysis: This article is credible because studies were conducted at multiple universities such as University of Georgia and UC Santa Barbara by experts in the Department of Communications. I found this article to be non biased based on the fact that they had conducted numerous experiments and tests on a large number of students and still found that their risk perception was influenced by the media. Reflection: I found this article to be very helpful with my research paper, being that it was a rather long article with more than enough information explaining medias influence on personal risk perception.

Meaning of Life and Success Essay

The most important thing in my life is thought to be happiness. In order to achieve success you must adjust to very situation with ease. Success is it the process of doing a task and receiving a positive result, or is it simply achieving one’s own personal goals. According to The American Heritage dictionary success is, â€Å"the achievement of something desired, planned, or attempt†. The word success itself means to achieve your goal or get the point that you looking for. Some people success meant to them to be rich or to finish school and work high pay jobs. But for me success means more than that. Success means to me have peace and love; also to get married and to enter heaven after this life is over. To be sure, everybody who has peace and love is a successful succeeding person. Without peace and love there is no success. You wake up in the morning and you don’t worry about anything that day; that is success for me, because the life is short, you don’t have to be concerned about anything. Also if you have a family that loves you and is always happy for what you are doing, that is success. In addition, if you take care of your old parents and they love you and they live a happy life, which is success for me. Additionally, success is also something that is viewed differently in the eyes of everyone. This is because success means doing what I have always wanted do being where I have always wanted to be. My goal in life is to eventually get married to a good wife and have many happy children and if I accomplished that, then I could view myself as having success. Lastly, meaning of success for me is to enter the heaven after this life is over. We know that life in this world is too short, and we don’t know when we are going to die and what we are going to get after this life. That is a simple answer; do good deeds in this world and you are going to be successful in the life hereafter. That means you enter the heaven for sure and that is big reward from God to his mankind. There is no dying after this life; that means if you don’t enter the heaven you will be the loser and who ever go in the heaven will be the winner. In conclusion, I still agree with the idea I presented: however according to the dictionary and many other resources, success means to them achievement. But according to my own opinion success means to believe the ones of God, and to have peace and love in your whole life, and to get in heaven the life hereafter.

Language Is A Cultural Factor Social Work Essays

Language Is A Cultural Factor Social Work Essays Language Is A Cultural Factor Social Work Essay Language Is A Cultural Factor Social Work Essay This essay will analyze how issues of race and civilization are pertinent to mental wellness jobs and to service responses to minority communities. However, other hazard or causal factors will be considered which are indispensable in to the full understanding diagnosing, entree to services and results of mental wellness issues including poorness, racism and force against adult females. It appears that a combination of cultural, structural and individualist factors are linked to mental wellness issues and it will be highlight why an over focal point on race and civilization ( without sing other factors ) can be unsafe. Although single factors will non be discussed in this essay, their importance must be emphasised. Personal elements intersect with other factors ( structural and cultural ) lending to mental wellness jobs. Individual factors on their ain therefore are non plenty but need to be considered in combination with cultural and structural factors. This can be linked to Thompsons PCS Model which looks at Personal, Cultural and Structural issues in footings of anti oppressive pattern ( Thompson, 1997 ) . It can non be ignored that issues of race and civilization are highly relevant when sing mental wellness. However, this essay positions race as socially constructed, with small biological cogency as a hazard factor that to the full explains inequalities in wellness ( Bhui et al, 2005, p.496 ) . What is more executable and supported in surveies such as the EMPIRIC survey, is that race is a factor which can be a sociological hazard to persons which can be referred to as racial favoritism holding the possible to ensue in lower ego regard, fewer chances, and emphasis taking to mental wellness jobs ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . In the UK racial favoritism does non merely mention to the term race as skin coloring material but besides incorporates cultural differences every bit good ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . Therefore in this essay, when race is referred to as taking to mental wellness jobs ; it will be in footings of the account put frontward antecedently. It appears that race and civilization impact on diagnosing, entree to services and results. However, this position is based on research obtained in a short sum of clip it was merely in 1995 that detecting different cultural groups became obligatory in mental wellness services which are publicly funded ( Mind, 2012 ) . However this position is disputed by Glove and Evison ( 2010 ) who argue that differences in the form of mental wellness attention received by minority cultural groups in England have been noted since the 1960s and widely debated since the 1980s . Irrespective of this difference, both agree that research has identified differences between different cultural groups in diagnosing, intervention and handiness of services. A common designation in literature is that there are high rates of psychosis ( for illustration schizophrenic disorder ) amongst African Caribbean work forces and seemingly low rates of mental unwellness among South Asians ( NCSR, 2002 ) . Influential pieces of research placing these differences include the Count Me In nose count which began in 2005 and was created in support of the Department of Health s five twelvemonth program Delivering Race and Equality in Mental Health Care ( Mind, 2012 ) . The ultimate purpose was to cut down admittance rates, detainment and privacy amongst black and minority cultural groups ( Mind, 2012 ) . The nose count identifies that 22 % of 30,500 persons having in-patient attention were from minority cultural groups ( CQC, 2010 ) . It besides highlights that black work forces are more likely to be detained under the Mental Health Act and that black and black/white assorted race work forces are three times more likely to be admitted to psychiatric wards and had the highest admittance rate of all groups ( Mind, 2012 ) . CRITICISM The Fourth National Survey ( FNS ) of cultural minorities supports this to an extent. It identifies higher rates of psychosis diagnosing amongst Black Caribbean s compared t o white people ( Mind, 2012 ) . However, these differences are lower than old surveies have suggested. Surveies undertaken antecedently have suggested psychosis occurs largely amongst black Caribbean work forces nevertheless this survey suggests higher rates amongst black Caribbean adult females ( Mind, 2012 ) . Despite these figures, findings have besides suggested that Black African Caribbean and South Asiatic patients are less likely to hold their mental wellness jobs detected by a GP ( The Centre for Social Justice, 2011 ) . Black work forces have been found to be more likely to be admitted to psychiatric units via the Criminal Justice System ( CJS ) ( NMHDU, 2010 ) . The Count Me in nose count highlighted that Black Caribbean, Black African and White/Black Caribbean assorted groups are between 40 and 60 per cent more likely to be admitted via the CJS ( CQC, 2010 ) . In contrast to this, findings from the nose count identify that admittance rates among South Asiatic and Chinese groups have remained much lower ( below norm in many instances ) ( Care Quality Commission, 2011 ) . This is interesting, as other research has indicated that some specific subgroups of South Asiatic adult females ( ages 15-24 ) are at high hazard of completed self-destruction ( Raleigh, 1996 ) . Therefore, why ar e they non acquiring the necessary support from mental wellness services? The EMPIRIC survey considers white people as a comparing with Bangladesh, Black Caribbean, Irish, Indian and Pakistani groups ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . This survey was undertaken in the community which is rather rare. It considers the impact of racial favoritism in the workplace ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . The survey identified that Black Caribbean people reported the highest sum of occupation denial and Pakistanis the highest degree of abuse ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . Bangladeshi, White and Irish people were found to be less likely to describe favoritism ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . Discrimination in the workplace is common and is a hazard factor for common mental upsets ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . The differences between each group in footings of Common Mental Disorders ( CMD ) were little and there were some fluctuations in footings of age and sex ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . It found CMD were higher amongst Pakistani and Irish work forces ages 35-54 and higher rates amongst Indian and Pakistani adult females ages 55-74 ( Weich et al, 2004 ) . Common Mental Disorders were found to be lower in Bangladeshi adult females than white adult females which is interesting sing this group has the highest degree of socio economic want and the recognized nexus between poorness and mental wellness ( Weich et al, 2004 ) . There were no differences in rates between Black Caribbean and White people despite them enduring the most occupation denial and this identifies differences to findings from other key surveies which frequently identify higher rates of mental unwellness amongst black work forces in peculiar ( Weich et al, 2004 ) . Therefore this suggests this group may be more resilient or Black Caribbean people with CMD may hold been excluded from occupations ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . The EMPIRIC survey really identifies that Black Caribbean adult females had more CMD than Black Caribbean work forces ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) and as findings from FNS besides suggest an country of concern for this group, it appears farther research should be undertaken. There are some unfavorable judgments on this survey being that what is perceived as racism does non ever impact on current employment experiences ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . It does non see the fact that CMD may ensue in more people describing racial favoritism ( Bhui, 2005 ) . More long term and qualitative surveies may be good in understanding the impact of racial favoritism ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . However, surveies undertaken late 1990s and early 2000 because there was a rise in concern sing this issue ( partly due tot the Rocky Bennett instance ) therefore the authorities commissioned this research due to these concerns. However, in recent old ages things have died down a spot hence less research is being undertaken so cognition is non developing and there is no support available for research workers. Despite this, research already carried out seems to follow suite in placing differences in the diagnosing, intervention and results of mental wellness for cultural groups, nevertheless these differences are non ever on par with each other and identify differences in themselves as already stated ( McLean et al, 2003 ) . It is of import to understand why fluctuations do be between cultural groups in footings of mental wellness which will be the focal point of the remainder of this essay. It can non be ignored that cultural factors doubtless play a function in the findings identified antecedently. Black and minority ethnic ( BME ) groups may talk in a manner which is considered different to white British persons or they may hold dissimilar idiosyncrasies. As a consequence, this may be interpreted wrongly which could later take to an wrong diagnosing of mental wellness issues ( Singh, 2006 ) . As stated western head-shrinkers are more likely to misinterpret behavior and hurt that is foreign to them as psychosis ( Singh, 2006 ) . Persons may be labelled as unusual or unusual because of cultural traits ( Singh, 2006 ) . Therefore, this identifies that a deficiency of apprehension of cultural differences may impact on readings. However, no affair what cultural developing people obtain, readings of behavior are ever traveling to change as civilizations are complex and continuously accommodating. Another statement associating to race and civilization and its nexus with mental wellness is that some cultural groups may non respond to western-type methods of covering with mental unwellness. For illustration, in Western society, psychopathology is viewed as an nonsubjective subject and hence the person having the support/therapy is separated from the healer ( Fernando, 2004 ) . It is likely that the healer will non cognize the person and will seldom hold any physical contact with them. As put frontward the healer learns the intervention and applies it within the overall medical theoretical account of covering with jobs as single unwellnesss, upsets or perturbations of what is assumed to be normal mental operation ( Fernando, 2004, p.121 ) . This manner of nearing mental wellness may be different to other civilizations for illustration where more religious methods of healing may be used ( Fernando, 2004 ) . As a consequence, certain cultural groups may non affect themselves in western methods for illustration traveling to see a General Practitioner ( GP ) . Koffman et Al ( 1997 ) found that in comparing to non-black groups, more black patients who had been admitted were non registered with a physician. This may be a consequence of different cultural methods of healing in which western patterns do non suit. However, civilization should non be considered as stationary or immobile it does and can accommodate and alter. It is of import to recognize that different civilizations can get down to complect with each other as civilizations may respond to the environment they are in contact with ( MDAA, 2012 ) . This identifies how it can be unsafe to concentrate excessively much on civilization which I will look into farther on in the essay. Language is a cultural factor which can impact on the right diagnosing and support for an person: both diagnosing and intervention are handicapped if there is no common linguistic communication between physician and patient ( Farooq and Fear, 2003, p.104 ) . Even when an translator is involved, they may non be trained in psychopathology which can restrict understanding and can hold a negative impact on interlingual rendition ( Farooq and Fear, 2003 ) . However, I would reason that at least if an translator is involved, they can bridge the linguistic communication barrier to a important extent. As argued patients in mental wellness services will see a better quality of attention when accessing translators ( Costa, 2011 ) . This is emphasised in the NICE Guidelines for GA, Schizophrenia, Depression and Dementia which puts forward that written stuff should be translated into different linguistic communications and translators should be used where appropriate ( ref ) . A mental welln ess professional that comes across a patient of a different civilization, who speaks a different linguistic communication, may non recognize the badness of their symptoms due to the cultural and linguistic communication differences ensuing in deficiency of support from services for illustration. Therefore if person nowadayss to their GP with symptoms these may be misinterpreted if an appropriate translator is non present. Therefore although many mental wellness scenes may utilize translators on a regular basis, others may non and the importance of this must be emphasised in order to work through issues of incorrect diagnosing, intervention and results of mental wellness. Although race and civilization are obviously pertinent to mental wellness jobs and service responses, it is necessary to see other factors as an accent on cultural issues can sanitise or dissemble other issues ( Chantler et al, 2002, p.649 ) . It seems that mental wellness services are concentrating on cultural differences and understanding cultural diverseness in an effort to get the better of the differences in diagnosing and support for different cultural groups. However, in their effort to make this they may really be disregarding other cardinal issues therefore potentially doing the state of affairs worse or at least keeping it. Some argue that there is an pressing demand to develop cultural competency among nurses and other attention workers if they are to run into the demands of the diverse populations they serve ( Papadopoulos, L and Tilki M and Lees S ) . However, professionals may non handle black people any otherwise merely because they are trained to be culturally co gnizant ( Fernando, 2004 ) . There are tonss of mentions to cultural competency in the Department of Health and NHS. The authorities scheme No Health Without Mental Health which replaced New Horizons in 2011 seems to concentrate on civilization but does non look to admit of import links between race and mental wellness. It is good known that there is a important nexus between poorness and mental wellness ( Chantler, 2011 ) . It appears that mental wellness societal work is get downing to go around around the bio medical theoretical account hence societal factors such as poorness are non focused on every bit much as they should ( Chantler, 2011 ) . It has been identified that societal exclusion can frequently be a consequence of poorness as a deficiency of fiscal agencies consequences in the poorer sectors of society being unable to affect themselves in social activities therefore ensuing in exclusion ( Gilchrist and Kyprianou, 2011 ) . Social exclusion/isolation can impact on mental wellness therefore poorness can be viewed as a hazard factor for mental wellness jobs ( Chantler, 2011 ) . Bing in the lowest societal category is frequently linked with poorness and this is something which spans across different ethnicities and civilizations. Therefore white, working category members of society may see mental wellness issues which are instigated as a consequence of poorness therefore race and civilization can non be viewed as the lone factors impacting on mental wellness other factors which can besides impact on white sectors must be recognised. However, black and minority cultural groups may happen it more hard to travel into higher categories as a consequence of issues such as racism and favoritism therefore may stay in low socioeconomic fortunes. This highlights a nexus between poorness and ethnicity and emphasises the concern that peoples race and civilization may ensue in them being forced into state of affairss which could increase their likeliness of mental hurt. It appears that there are two chief ways racism can impact on person s wellness: the immediate psychological and physical impact and the consequence of which different races and civilizations are non valued within society ensuing in societal exclusion and disadvantage ( Karlsen and Nazroo, 2000 ) . As argued racism, whether openly hostile or skulking in institutional civilizations and patterns, limits the chances and life picks persons make ( Gilchrist and Kyprianou, 2011, p.7 ) . Therefore, certain people of certain races or civilizations may experience mo re comfy staying in communities together due to racist favoritism or bias and as a consequence may non seek new life chances therefore potentially staying in hapless socioeconomic fortunes as a consequence of this forced exclusion ( Gilchrist and Kyprianou, 2011 ) . Similarly, favoritism and racism may ensue in less support within instruction spheres and less chances to stand out within employment circles ( Gilchrist and Kyprianou, 2011 ) . It has been recognised that unemployment has an impact on mental wellness ( Meltzer et al, 1995 ) . Findingss from the Fourth National Survey identify that four fifths of Pakistani and Bangladesh respondents, two-fifths of Indian and Caribbean respondents and one tierce of Chinese had incomes lower than half the distinct national norm recognised as poorness ( Karlsen and Nazroo, 2000 ) . This compares to one in four white respondents. Therefore, this may be the impact of racism, favoritism and disadvantage ( Karlsen and Nazroo, 2000 ) Therefore at that place seems to be a barbarous rhythm whereby BME groups feel the impact of structural subjugations ensuing in fewer chances to interrupt away from factors which can take to an increased hazard of mental wellness jobs, such as poorness. Therefore, arguably societal exclusion, poorness and category could be grounds why there are higher degrees of mental unwellness in some subcultures of South Asiatic adult females for illustration ( Karlsen and Nazroo, 2000 ) . The fact that communities stick together may ensue in farther hostility and segregation therefore ensuing in inappropriate support for mental wellness jobs as outsiders may non desire to irrupt in these civilizations they may take the attitude leave them to it which can be really unsafe. Therefore a combination of factors including category and poorness can underscore mental wellness issues. It seems that the function of racism as a hazard factor for mental wellness is being ignored or at least undermined by the alliance authorities. Although the No Health Without Mental Health scheme acknowledges the demand to see causal factors for mental wellness, it appears to pretermit to discourse the pertinent issue of racism/institutional racism which can be viewed as a ruin in response ( Watson, 2011 ) . Therefore, it neglects important links between race and mental wellness. This is emphasised in its a call to action papers, which does non include any BME administrations ( Vernon, 2011 ) . Pigeonholing of different groups refers to the favoritism of groups based on positions they are certain manner. So, South Asian groups may be viewed as holding tonss of household support and non believing in mental unwellness. This can be unsafe as it may ensue in services pretermiting to offer support to certain races or civilizations. Therefore, it appears that some mental wellness professionals may inherit positions sing racial stereotypes ( Fernando, 2004 ) . Another common racialist stereotype is that black work forces are unsafe which once more impacts on diagnosing and intervention. A good known illustration is that of Rocky Bennett. He was killed in 2004 in a medium secure psychiatric unit after being restrained by up to five nurses and an independent enquiry into this accepted that it was a consequence of institutional racism ( Athwal, 2004 ) . This is non a lone incident and has been recognised as an issue across mental wellness services. A concern which is shared by many i ncluding Richard Stone ( a member of the Bennett inquriy panel ) and Errol Francis ( a candidate on black mental wellness ) is that cultural/racial consciousness preparation will non cut down institutional maltreatment, it must be acknowledged and so the behavior of the professionals and workers demands to alter ( Athwal, 2004 ) . Once understood and acknowledged, advancement can be made to undertake and understand causes ( McKenzie, 2007 ) . McKenzie ( 2007 ) put frontward concern that the importance of Delivering Race Equality would be undermined, which seems to hold been the instance in No Health without Mental Health as it does non look to recognize the importance of racism as a hazard factor for mental wellness and the impact it has on service responses ( Watson, 2011 ) . Watson ( 2011 ) argues that the feeling given is that we are traveling to a post-racial large society where state multiculturalism is expunged from British values and public consciousness Thus the nexus is being undermined and if this is the instance it is improbable alterations will be made. Chantler et Al ( 2002 ) undertook a 10 month qualitative survey with a group of South Asiatic adult females who are subsisters of self injury or attempted self-destruction. It seems that subsister s highlighted issues doing mental hurt including in-migration position, poorness, and domestic force in their histories nevertheless an over focal point on cultural sensitiveness by professionals and policy shapers means that these factors frequently goes unrecognized ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . Besides, of import to observe is that there does non look to be much research into the fact that if people are seeking refuge, there is a possibility that their mental wellness demands may be higher as a consequence of their experiences prior to migration ( Chantler, 2011 ) . As a consequence of deficiency of acknowledgment, inappropriate or a deficiency of support was offered by services. The research workers found that the subsisters who had been seeking refuge mentioned policies such as the one tw elvemonth regulation as doing them hurt and subjugation as it meant they were trapped ( frequently in an opprobrious relationship ) for a long period of clip without a opportunity of flight ( Chantler et al, 2001 ) . As stated, current in-migration statute law strips South Asiatic adult females of the legal and personal support available to white British female citizens ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . The subsisters identified that they felt these policies ensured that all power was given to the adult male ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . Policies implemented seeking to get the better of jobs in services by using South Asiatic workers demands to be looked into ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . It seems that policy shapers used cultural clangs as accounts as to why issues such as domestic force, in-migration issues and poorness were non highlighted ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . Therefore in theoretical accounts of mental wellness, factors such as in-migration are neglected. Servicess claimed to be una ble to run into their demands due to cultural struggle ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . All but one of the subsisters in the survey had suffered domestic force placing the nexus between domestic force, in-migration position and suicide/self injury ( Chantler, 2001 ) . It is deserving observing that refugees and refuge searchers may hold experienced traumatic events before geting in the UK such as war and poorness therefore they may hold higher mental wellness demands because of their experiences this is non covered much in research and is something which may be good in our apprehension. Burman et Al ( 2005 ) focuses chiefly on domestic force services with respects to African, African-Caribbean, South Asian, Jewish and Irish adult females, it became apparent that civilization was seen to be more of import than covering with domestic force issues. Thus a focal point on civilization can be seen as an obstructor to offering the appropriate support ( Burman, 2005 ) . The survey besides identifies how other issues such as in-migration policies prevent refuge seeking adult females from being able to go forth opprobrious relationships hence this needs to see more ( Burman, 2005 ) . racialised dimensions of such policies heightens their exclusionary effects . The result of these findings suggests that there needs to be new ways of back uping adult females from minoritised groups enduring domestic force ( Burman, 2005 ) . Criticisms of survey? It seems that in favor of civilization, gender issues such as force against adult females are frequently ignored in relation to minority ethnicities ( Chantler, 2002 ) . Would this be the instance if it were white adult females? What is interesting is that force against adult females is considered a gender issue in relation to white adult females but is seen as a cultural issue in relation to South Asiatic adult females ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . This is something which needs to be recognised and changed. Cultural factors need to be acknowledged to a grade and peculiarly in certain fortunes for illustration honor based force, nevertheless it needs to be recognised that civilization and race are non ever at the head of issues. It is of import to travel off from a complete focal point civilization in many cases, and see gender issues as good. Segregating adult females from minority groups from white adult females with respects to violence can take to miss of support therefore potential ly ensuing in ego harm/attempted suicide amongst other issues, as a consequence of the mental hurt. The research undertaken by Chantler et Al ( 2001 ) and Burman ( 2005 ) high spot this. Decision: As a societal worker it is of import to recognize cultural differences and be unfastened about civilization so that intercessions are non so hard nevertheless, although being culturally cognizant is utile, it is impossible to recognize all factors every bit cultural as there are legion different civilizations which are invariably accommodating. Besides, as this essay has identified, an over focal point on civilization can be unsafe. It is of import to be witting of other risk/causal factors of mental wellness such as force against adult females, category and in-migration position. It is indispensable label or stereotype person based on their race or civilization but instead engage, empower and sympathize with service users. As Chantlers 2001 survey identified, irrespective of a service users race or civilization, they frequently merely desire person to listen to them. Make non ever assume it is approximately civilization as policy has tended to make in recent old ages. It seems that a combination of structural, cultural and single factors including gender, poorness and civilization will enable a greater apprehension of diagnosing, intervention and results of mental wellness. Sing one without the other will restrict apprehension. Therefore, cognition demands to be more nuanced. I am non sabotaging the importance of race and civilization in relation to mental wellness and service responses, as I have acknowledged its importance in this essay. However, do non pretermit other every bit of import factors. Besides gender issues need to be considered for illustration domestic force. Why is domestic force considered cultural merely when related to certain ethnicities e.g south Asiatic adult females? ? SOME force offenses are specific to certain civilizations for illustration honor based force, trafficking ( UMHDU, 2010 ) However, all ethnicities within the uk experience gender based force non merely certain cultural groups and grounds suggests that force and maltreatment cause mental wellness issues ( UMHDU, 2010 ) . However it is sometimes merely seen as a gender issue when it is white adult females enduring maltreatment. Seen as a cultural issue when minority cultural group. Possibly it is nt a cultural issue but a gender issue? ? Research by Chantler et al many adult females from different ethnicities do nt advert culture/race in their survey merely reference maltreatment therefore possibly merely necessitate to see this? ? ?

Become an Entrepreneur While Youre Still a Student

Become an Entrepreneur While Youre Still a Student College life can get pretty hectic. With attending classes, writing papers, playing sports and going to club meetings all while trying to squeeze in a social life, it might seem like the worst time to start a business. However, it’s one of the best times to explore your entrepreneurial spirit! Think about it: in college you have all the resources you need right at your fingertips, for free. From getting business advice from your Economics professor to sourcing your talent right in your backyard to having a ready-made clientele all around you. It really doesn’t get much better than this. So how do you actually start a business in college? Here are some tips: What Are You Good At? Evaluate your talents. Are you a people person, good at seeing the big picture and delegating to others? Or are you more hands-on, building your creations from the bottom up? What are you good at? What’s the heart of your business? Evaluate Your Idea Is there a market for this service/product? What resources do you need in order to execute it? What resources do you have? How many people will you need to employ in order to bring the idea to life? What’s the time frame to execute your idea under the perfect circumstances? Are there any legal limitations or drawback you can anticipate? Is anyone else offering a similar service? Make a Business Plan Again, time to seek out that Economics professor or another professor who could help you with this. A business plan covers the general idea of your business, analyzes the existing market for it, outlines your marketing strategy, provides information about management team’s experience and responsibilities, discusses the financial investment required and assesses the risks. Outline your business plan on your own or with the help of a professor or other experienced businessperson. You can also use a special software or ask us to write your business plan. Get a Mentor Most universities have mentoring programs through their career counseling centers. You could contact a mentor on your own as well as if there’s someone you really want to work with and whose experience you think will help you grow your business. Consider Registering Your Business This is an important step in making your business official. You will definitely need the help of your mentor and/or a lawyer if you want to go this route. The benefits of registering are that nobody can copy your idea without facing legal action and you will be recognized as an official part of this industry, allowing you to go to trade shows and develop business partnerships with industry leaders. Look into Kickstarter Kickstarter is a great platform for young entrepreneurs. It teaches you the ins and outs of grassroots funding and puts you in touch with people who are working on similar projects. It’s also a platform that experienced industry leaders use to scope out up and coming talent. Get the Word Out on Social Media College campuses are notoriously social media obsessed so take advantage of that and spread the word through your campus. You might consider paying for Facebook ads to make sure your business ads get the attention you want. Set up your website, register an Instagram account, post photos and videos and develop your LinkedIn profile. Social media is an important part of business marketing today. Take Classes to Enhance Your Business Knowledge Finance and accounting Marketing Economics Management Public speaking Writing and composition Computer science Don’t Slack You may find it difficult to balance your new business with your classes. Don’t let yourself fall behind in your classes. You may get permission to use your startup for your class project or paper for one or more classes. Most likely, your professors will be supportive of your business and want to encourage your entrepreneurial spirit. Becoming an entrepreneur during college can be a great experience. If you’re considering it, don’t hesitate. The resources and support are there for the taking. Image credit: Photograph by Bloomberg - Getty Images.